- Philosophers
- abelard, peter
- abrabanel, judah
- abramowski, edward
- abravanel, isaac
- adamson, robert
- adelard of bath
- adler, mortimer j.
- adler, mortimer j
- adorno, theodor w.
- adorno, theodor w
- aenesidemus
- agamben, giorgio
- ajdukiewicz, kazimierz
- al-farabi, abu nasr
- al-ghazali, abu hamid
- al-kindi, yaqub ibn ishaq
- al-razi, abu bakr
- albert of saxony
- alcmaeon of croton
- alcott, amos bronson
- alexander, samuel
- alexander of aphrodisias
- alston, william p.
- alston, william p
- ammonius saccas
- anaxagoras
- anaxarchus
- anaximander
- anaximenes
- andronicus of rhodes
- anscombe, g. e. m.
- anscombe, g. e. m
- antiphon
- antisthenes
- arcesilaus
- archelaus
- archytas of tarentum
- arendt, hannah
- aristippus of cyrene
- aristotle
- armstrong, david m.
- armstrong, david m
- arnauld, antoine
- astell, mary
- aune, bruce
- auriol, peter
- austin, john
- austin, john langshaw
- averroes
- avicenna
- ayer, alfred jules
- bachelard, gaston
- bacon, roger
- bain, alexander
- bakhtin, mikhail
- banez, domingo
- barnes, hazel
- bataille, georges
- baudrillard, jean
- bauer, bruno
- bayle, pierre
- beattie, james
- beauvoir, simone de
- beccaria, cesare
- benjamin, walter
- bentham, jeremy
- berdyaev, nikolai
- bergmann, gustav
- bergson, henri
- berkeley, george
- berlin, isaiah
- bessarion, john
- blaga, lucian
- blanshard, brand
- blondel, maurice
- bodin, jean
- boehme, jacob
- boethius
- bolingbroke, henry st. john
- bolzano, bernard
- bonjour, laurence
- bosanquet, bernard
- boscovich, ruggero giuseppe
- bradley, francis herbert
- brandt, richard b.
- brandt, richard b
- brentano, franz
- broad, charlie dunbar
- brouwer, l. e. j.
- brouwer, l. e. j
- bruni, leonardo
- brzozowski, stanislaw
- buber, martin
- bude, guillaume
- buridan, john
- burley, walter
- butler, joseph
- butler, judith
- by movement
- caird, edward
- campanella, tommaso
- cano, melchior
- carnap, rudolf
- carneades
- cassirer, ernst
- castaneda, hector-neri
- castoriadis, cornelius
- cesalpino, andrea
- chalmers, david
- charron, pierre
- chartier, emile
- chatelet, gabrielle emilie marquise du
- chisholm, roderick
- chrucky, andrew
- chrysippus of soli
- chrysoloras, manuel
- churchland, paul
- chwistek, leon
- chyzhevs'kyi, dmytro
- cioran, emile
- cixous, helene
- clark, romane
- clarke, samuel
- cleanthes of assos
- cocchiarella, nino
- cockburn, catharine trotter
- cohen, morris r.
- cohen, morris r
- collingwood, robin george
- comte, auguste
- condillac, etienne bonnot de
- condorcet, marquis de
- confucius
- constant, benjamin
- conway, anne finch
- copleston, f. c.
- copleston, f. c
- corbin, henry
- crates of thebes
- critias
- croce, benedetto
- cruz, sor juana ines de la
- cudworth, ralph
- damon
- davidson, donald
- delanda, manuel
- deleuze, gilles
- democritus
- derrida, jacques
- descartes, rene
- desgabets, robert
- dewey, john
- diderot, denis
- digby, kenelm
- diogenes of apollonia
- diogenes of sinope
- diotima of mantinea
- ducasse, curt
- duhem, pierre
- dummett, michael
- durkheim, emile
- dworkin, ronald
- eck, johann
- elahi, ostad
- eliade, mircea
- elizabeth of bohemia
- empedocles
- epictetus
- epicurus
- erasmus, desiderius
- eriugena, john scotus
- eucken, rudolf
- euclides of megara
- fanon, frantz
- fedorov, nikolai fedorovich
- feigl, herbert
- ferrier, james frederick
- feuerbach, ludwig
- feyerabend, paul k.
- feyerabend, paul k
- fichte, johann gottlieb
- ficino, marsilio
- firth, roderick
- fleck, ludwik
- foucault, michel
- fourier, charles
- fries, jakob friedrich
- fuller, sarah margaret
- gadamer, hans-georg
- gassendi, pierre
- gellner, ernest
- gersonides
- gettier, edmund
- geulincx, arnold
- giles of rome
- gilligan, carol
- glanvill, joseph
- godfrey of fontaines
- godwin, william
- goodman, nelson
- gracian, baltasar
- green, thomas hill
- gregory of rimini
- grotius, hugo
- guicciardini, francesco
- habermas, jurgen
- hamann, johann georg
- hamilton, william
- haraway, donna
- hartley, david
- hartmann, eduard von
- hartmann, nicolai
- hegel, georg wilhelm friedrich
- heidegger, martin
- helvetius, claude-adrien
- hempel, carl gustav
- heraclitus
- herbart, johann friedrich
- herder, johann gottfried von
- hermes, george
- hipparchia
- hippias
- hodgson, shadworth
- holbach, paul henri thiry d'
- holcot, robert
- horkheimer, max
- humboldt, wilhelm von
- hume, david
- husserl, edmund
- hutcheson, francis
- hutchins, robert maynard
- huxley, thomas henry
- hypatia of alexandria
- ingarden, roman
- irigaray, luce
- jacobi, friedrich heinrich
- james, william
- jaspers, karl
- john of salisbury
- jungius, joachim
- kant, immanuel
- khaldun, ibn
- kierkegaard, soren
- kojeve, alexandre
- kotarbinski, tadeusz
- kripke, saul
- kristeva, julia
- kuhn, thomas s.
- kuhn, thomas s
- la mettrie, julien offray de
- lakatos, imre
- lamont, corliss
- landino, cristoforo
- langer, susanne
- lashchyk, eugene
- lazerowitz, alice ambrose
- leibniz, gottfried wilhelm
- lenin, vladimir i.
- lenin, vladimir i
- lesniewski, stanislaw
- leucippus
- levinas, emmanuel
- lewis, clarence irving
- lipsius, justus
- locke, alain
- locke, john
- logstrup, knud ejler
- lotze, rudolf hermann
- lovejoy, arthur o.
- lovejoy, arthur o
- lucretius
- lupasco, stephane
- lyotard, jean-francois
- machiavelli, niccolo
- macintyre, alasdair
- mackinnon, catharine
- maimon, salomon
- maimonides, moses
- malebranche, nicholas
- mally, ernst
- marcel, gabriel
- marcus aurelius
- marcuse, herbert
- margolis, joseph
- maritain, jacques
- marras, ausonio
- marsden, dora
- marsilius of inghen
- masham, damaris cudworth
- mctaggart, john
- mead, george herbert
- meinong, alexius
- melissos
- mendelssohn, moses
- menippus
- merleau-ponty, maurice
- mersenne, marin
- mill, harriet taylor
- mill, john stuart
- montague, william pepperell
- montaigne, michel de
- montesquieu, charles-louis baron de
- moore, g.e.
- moore, g.e
- more, henry
- morgan, c. lloyd
- nancy, jean-luc
- natorp, paul
- nicholas of autrecourt
- nietzsche, friedrich
- nishida kitaro
- nozick, robert
- oakeshott, michael
- olivi, peter john
- oresme, nicholas
- ortega y gasset, jose
- otto, rudolf
- paley, william
- palmieri, matteo
- parmenides
- pascal, blaise
- patocka, jan
- paul of venice
- peabody, elizabeth palmer
- perry, ralph barton
- peter of spain
- philo of alexandria
- philolaus
- philoponus, john
- plantinga, alvin
- plato
- plethon, george gemistus
- plotinus
- poincare, jules henri
- polanyi, michael
- pomponazzi, pietro
- popper, karl
- porphyry
- prior, arthur norman
- proclus
- prodicus of ceos
- protagoras
- pufendorf, samuel von
- putnam, hilary
- pyrrho of elis
- pythagoras of samos
- quine, willard van orman
- ramus, peter
- rawls, john
- read, leonard
- reichenbach, hans
- reid, thomas
- reinhold, karl leonhard
- ricoeur, paul
- rochefoucauld, francois de la
- rorty, richard
- roscelin, john
- rosenthal, david
- rosmini, antonio
- rousseau, jean-jacques
- rufus of cornwall, richard
- russell, bertrand
- ryle, gilbert
- saadia gaon
- sanchez, francisco
- santayana, george
- sartre, jean-paul
- scaliger, julius caesar
- scheler, max
- schelling, friedrich wilhelm joseph
- schlick, moritz
- schopenhauer, arthur
- schutz, alfred
- searle, john
- sellars, roy wood
- sellars, wilfrid
- sextus empiricus
- shaftesbury, anthony ashley cooper, 3rd earl of
- shestov, lev
- sidgwick, henry
- sidney, algernon
- singer, peter
- socrates
- solovyov, vladimir
- spencer, herbert
- speusippus
- spinoza, baruch
- stephen, leslie
- stilpo
- stirling, james hutchison
- stirner, max
- strato of lampsacus
- strawson, peter
- suarez, francisco
- taylor, charles
- telesio, bernardino
- thales
- theophrastus of lesbos
- tu weiming
- urraburu, juan jose
- vaihinger, hans
- valla, lorenzo
- vanini, lucilio
- vico, giambattista
- vitoria, francisco de
- vives, juan luis
- voegelin, eric
- voltaire
- warburton, william
- wasa, kristina
- weber, samuel
- weil, simone
- weininger, otto
- west, cornel
- whewell, william
- whitehead, alfred north
- wilkins, john
- william of auvergne
- william of champeaux
- william of conches
- william of moerbeke
- william of ockham
- windischmann, karl joseph hieronymus
- wittgenstein, ludwig
- wolff, christian
- wundt, wilhelm
- xenocrates
- xenophanes of colophon
- xun zi
- zalta, edward n.
- zalta, edward n
- zeno of citium
- zeno of elea
- zhu xi
- zizek, slavoj
- znaniecki, florian
- zubiri, xavier
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